Zhong Tianrun National Agricultural Technology Extension Service Center, Beijing 100026, China
Since the founding of New China, especially after the reform and opening up, China's agriculture has achieved remarkable achievements. The total grain output has soared from 11.2 billion kg in 1949 to 462.2 billion kg in 2000, and the total cotton output has increased from 440,000 tons. To 4.42 million tons. The increase in fertilizer input and the promotion of scientific fertilization technology have played an important role in the development of agriculture.
1 China's fertilizer application status
1.1 Application status of organic fertilizers China is a large agricultural country with a long history. For thousands of years, the development of agriculture has relied on the input of organic fertilizers and the recycling of organic materials. From the beginning of the founding of New China to the present, the development of organic fertilizer in China is roughly divided into four stages: the first stage, in the 40-50s, China's farmland nutrient input was mainly organic fertilizer. In 1949, the national fertilizer use was only 13,000 tons, organic fertilizer. The pure nutrient input is about 4.8 million tons, accounting for 99% of the total fertilizer input. In the second stage, in the 1960s and 1970s, China's chemical fertilizer industry developed rapidly. Due to the increase in the use of chemical fertilizers, the input of organic fertilizers decreased relatively. In 1977, the chemical fertilizers invested 6.48 million tons of pure nutrients, accounting for 31% of total nutrient inputs; The fertilizer input nutrient was 14.2 million tons, accounting for 69% of the total nutrient input. It can be seen that organic fertilizer is still the main nutrient input. In the third stage, in the 1970s and 1980s, the input of fertilizer and nutrient inputs and the input of organic fertilizers increased year by year. By 1988, the amount of chemical fertilizer increased to 2,417,000 tons, the organic nutrient pure nutrient increased to 2,494.7 million tons, and the organic fertilizer nutrient accounted for 54% of total nutrient input. In the fourth stage, in the 1990s, the proportion of organic fertilizer nutrients was basically stable at around 50%. In the past 50 years since the founding of New China, the fertilizer structure in China has undergone major changes. The proportion of organic fertilizers has dropped from 99% to 50%, from the development of a single organic fertilizer fertilization structure to the fertilization structure of organic fertilizers and fertilizers. Nitrogen and phosphorus are mainly fertilizers, and potash is mainly based on organic fertilizer supply. According to statistics in 1994, organic fertilizers accounted for 54% of total nutrient inputs, and organic nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium inputs accounted for 40%, 40%, and 85%, respectively. ,
1.2 Application status of chemical fertilizer Since the first time that fertilizer has entered China in 1901, the application of chemical fertilizer has gone through a hundred years. Since the founding of New China, the rapid increase in the use of chemical fertilizers has brought a new revolution to agricultural production. In 1949, the amount of chemical fertilizer in China was only 13,000 tons, all of which were nitrogen fertilizer. In 1953, China began to import phosphate fertilizer, and began to produce phosphate fertilizer two years later. After the 1960s, the use of phosphate fertilizer increased rapidly. In the 1950s and 1960s, China's potash production and imports were extremely small. It was not until the mid and late 1970s that potassium fertilizer was used in a small amount. In the 1980s and 1990s, potassium deficiency became an increasingly prominent problem. From the total amount of chemical fertilizer used, the amount used in the 1950s was very small, below 1 million tons; by the end of the 1970s, it had exceeded 10 million tons, and by the end of the 1980s it had exceeded 20 million tons; Rapidly, during the more than ten years from 1984 to 1995, the average annual increase in chemical fertilizer consumption was 1.61 million tons, an annual increase of 7%. In 1999, the total use of chemical fertilizers in China reached 42.24 million tons, of which 2,81 million tons of nitrogen fertilizer, accounting for 52.8%; 6.97 million tons of phosphate fertilizer, accounting for 16.9%; 3.86 million tons of potash, accounting for 8.9%. The compound fertilizer is 8.8 million tons, accounting for 21.3%, and the average acreage is 27.3kg. Among the increase in chemical fertilizer use, the increase rate of potassium fertilizer and compound fertilizer was the largest, increasing by 36.6% and 31.1%, respectively; nitrogen fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer increased by 7.8% and 10.3%, respectively. Due to the sharp increase in the use of chemical fertilizers in recent years, China has become the country with the largest amount of fertilizer used in the world. However, the soil nutrient content of cultivated land in China is low, the multiple cropping index is high, the chemical fertilizer use per unit area is still low, the total fertilizer use is still insufficient, and the regional distribution of use is not balanced, so it is still necessary to increase investment in chemical fertilizers in the future.
The changes in fertilizer application are not only reflected in quantity, but also in the input flow. Before the 1990s, China's chemical fertilizers were mainly used in food crops. In recent years, with the adjustment of the planting structure, the flow of chemical fertilizers has also changed. Compared with 1985, the fertilizer crops increased by 49.2%, the sugar crops increased by 53.2%, the fruit trees increased by 127.6%, and vegetables increased by 53.6%. The ratio of fertilizer to food and other crops is about 7:3. With the development of the economy and the structural adjustment of agriculture, the amount of fertilizer used for cash crops will continue to increase.
2 Contribution of Fertilizer and Scientific Fertilization The contribution of fertilizer to agriculture is enormous. It is precisely because of the continuous investment of fertilizer that the material balance of the agro-ecosystem is maintained and the sustainable production capacity of agriculture is guaranteed.
2.1 Contribution and potential of fertilizers to increase crop yields According to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)'s 410,000 data from 18 years of experimental demonstrations in 41 countries, the increase in fertilizer production accounts for 40%-60% of crop yields. The highest is 67%. The results of the national fertilizer test network test show that the fertilizer application is proper and the yield increase effect is very significant. Among them, 829 rice trials increased average yield by 40.8%; 1260 wheat trials increased average yield by 56.6%; 629 maize trials increased average yield by 46.1%; 62 cotton trials increased average yield by 48.6%; 64 rapeseed trials averaged Increased production by 64.4%. The experimental data of 52 long-term fertilizer positioning test sites set up in 1981 showed that the contribution rate of fertilizer application to grain yield averaged 40.8%, of which 60.2% was wheat in dry cropping area. It is 46.2%. A large number of experimental results show that the increase in fertilizer production is huge.
The application rate of chemical fertilizers in China has increased from 13,000 tons at the beginning of liberation to more than 40 million tons at present, becoming the country with the most fertilizers in the world. The rational investment of fertilizers has greatly promoted the development of agricultural production in China. Since the founding of New China, China's grain yield has risen steadily. In 1999, China's grain output was 508.4 billion kg, 4.5 times that of the early liberation; the total cotton output was 4.42 million tons, 10 times that of 1949.
2.2 Effect of Fertilizer on Fertilization and Soil Improvement With the substantial increase in yield, crops have taken more nutrients from the soil. The input of fertilizer not only satisfies the demand of crop growth, but also compensates for the nutrients taken by the crop from the soil, prevents the depletion of soil fertility, and scientific and rational fertilization can also fertilize and improve the soil. Inorganic fertilizers are characterized by a single nutrient, high content, fast release, and easy to be absorbed by crops. The input of inorganic fertilizer can supply the nutrients needed by the crop in time to meet the needs of each growth period of the crop; the organic fertilizer has complete nutrients, low content, slow release and contains a large amount of organic matter. Its input not only supplements some nutrients, but also helps to improve soil structure, increase soil buffer capacity, and increase soil enzyme activity, thereby improving soil fertility.
2.3 The role of fertilizers in the sustainable development of agriculture Modern agriculture is moving towards a path of sustainable development, which requires agriculture to meet the characteristics of “high yield, high efficiency, high quality, low consumptionâ€. Fertilizer is the most important material input for agricultural production and plays the most important role in the material cycle of farmland ecosystems. To achieve sustainable agricultural development, it is necessary to balance the input and output of farmland nutrients. Therefore, vigorously promote scientific fertilization technology, scientific and rational use of fertilizers, and management of farmland nutrients will play a positive role in the sustainable development of agriculture. If the fertilizer is used unreasonably, it will lead to negative effects such as reduced fertilizer efficiency, waste of resources, low quality of agricultural products and environmental pollution, which will affect the development of sustainable agriculture in China.
3 fertilizer application prospects
3.1 Continue to increase fertilizer input China is a country with a large population. The increase in population and the reduction of cultivated land have brought tremendous pressure on agricultural production. The farming system in developed countries is mostly based on one year of maturity, and the popular rotation system is widely practiced. In most parts of China, it is two or three cooked a year, and the national average multiple cropping index is as high as 150%. The intensity of cultivated land use is large, and the amount of fertilization per unit area is low. Compared with developed countries, the potential fertility of cultivated land is low, the animal husbandry industry is underdeveloped, and the recycling and reuse rate of organic matter is not high. Therefore, to significantly increase the yield of crops, it will mainly depend on the growth of chemical fertilizer application for a long period of time.
3.2 Adjusting the proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilization Modern agriculture should conform to the characteristics of “high yield, high efficiency, high quality, low consumptionâ€, but China's agriculture has the phenomenon of high yield, high efficiency, high yield, high yield and high consumption. It is because the level of scientific fertilization in China is not high, the proportion of fertilization is unreasonable, and the phenomenon of blind fertilization is serious. The utilization rate of fertilizer is low. The utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer in China is only about 30%, which is nearly 20% lower than that in developed countries. At present, the proportion of NPK fertilizer applied in China's chemical fertilizers is only 1:0.41:0.16, which is still far from the world average (1:0.59:0.48). In particular, the lack of potassium has become a prominent problem in recent years. To reach a new level in China's agriculture, we must improve the level of scientific fertilization and adjust the proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer.
3.3 Pay attention to the application of medium and trace elements in organic fertilizers The fertility of cultivated land in China is not high, and the intensity of cultivated land use is high. In recent years, the input of organic fertilizer has been gradually reduced, and the phenomenon of “heavy inorganic, light organic, re-use of land and lightly cultivated land†has become more and more serious. At the same time, the application of medium and trace element fertilizers is not taken seriously. The number of medium and trace elements taken by crops is increasing year by year, and the compensation is insufficient. The problem of lack of medium and trace elements in cultivated soils in China is quite common. According to the results of the second national soil survey, China's zinc deficiency area is 729 million mu, boron deficiency area is 492 million mu, molybdenum deficiency area is 668 million mu, and manganese deficiency is 304 million mu. Increasing the input of organic fertilizers, improving the quality of organic fertilizers, and paying attention to the application of medium and trace elements have great potential for improving soil fertility and correcting the lack of trace and medium elements.
3.4 Scientific Fertilization Technology Research and promotion of China's chemical fertilizer use has made great achievements, but it must also be seen that since the 1990s, China's grain and cotton production has not been commensurate with the increase in chemical fertilizer application. Compared with 1984, fertilizer application increased by 90.7% in 1994, while grain increased by only 9.1%, and cotton production has been stagnant. There are many reasons for this, and unreasonable fertilization is undoubtedly an important aspect. Judging from the problems existing in the current use of chemical fertilizers, the fertilizer efficiency is not high, which is largely caused by poor macroeconomic regulation, excessive fertilization or unbalanced fertilization. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the research and promotion of scientific fertilization technology, and do basic work such as soil and fertilizer infrastructure construction, cultivated land nutrient survey, soil fertility monitoring, and balanced fertilization technology test demonstration. Improving the overall scientific and technological content of fertilization in China is an important measure to improve the efficiency of agricultural production, improve the quality of agricultural products, increase agricultural production, and increase farmers' income.
Since the founding of New China, especially after the reform and opening up, China's agriculture has achieved remarkable achievements. The total grain output has soared from 11.2 billion kg in 1949 to 462.2 billion kg in 2000, and the total cotton output has increased from 440,000 tons. To 4.42 million tons. The increase in fertilizer input and the promotion of scientific fertilization technology have played an important role in the development of agriculture.
1 China's fertilizer application status
1.1 Application status of organic fertilizers China is a large agricultural country with a long history. For thousands of years, the development of agriculture has relied on the input of organic fertilizers and the recycling of organic materials. From the beginning of the founding of New China to the present, the development of organic fertilizer in China is roughly divided into four stages: the first stage, in the 40-50s, China's farmland nutrient input was mainly organic fertilizer. In 1949, the national fertilizer use was only 13,000 tons, organic fertilizer. The pure nutrient input is about 4.8 million tons, accounting for 99% of the total fertilizer input. In the second stage, in the 1960s and 1970s, China's chemical fertilizer industry developed rapidly. Due to the increase in the use of chemical fertilizers, the input of organic fertilizers decreased relatively. In 1977, the chemical fertilizers invested 6.48 million tons of pure nutrients, accounting for 31% of total nutrient inputs; The fertilizer input nutrient was 14.2 million tons, accounting for 69% of the total nutrient input. It can be seen that organic fertilizer is still the main nutrient input. In the third stage, in the 1970s and 1980s, the input of fertilizer and nutrient inputs and the input of organic fertilizers increased year by year. By 1988, the amount of chemical fertilizer increased to 2,417,000 tons, the organic nutrient pure nutrient increased to 2,494.7 million tons, and the organic fertilizer nutrient accounted for 54% of total nutrient input. In the fourth stage, in the 1990s, the proportion of organic fertilizer nutrients was basically stable at around 50%. In the past 50 years since the founding of New China, the fertilizer structure in China has undergone major changes. The proportion of organic fertilizers has dropped from 99% to 50%, from the development of a single organic fertilizer fertilization structure to the fertilization structure of organic fertilizers and fertilizers. Nitrogen and phosphorus are mainly fertilizers, and potash is mainly based on organic fertilizer supply. According to statistics in 1994, organic fertilizers accounted for 54% of total nutrient inputs, and organic nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium inputs accounted for 40%, 40%, and 85%, respectively. ,
1.2 Application status of chemical fertilizer Since the first time that fertilizer has entered China in 1901, the application of chemical fertilizer has gone through a hundred years. Since the founding of New China, the rapid increase in the use of chemical fertilizers has brought a new revolution to agricultural production. In 1949, the amount of chemical fertilizer in China was only 13,000 tons, all of which were nitrogen fertilizer. In 1953, China began to import phosphate fertilizer, and began to produce phosphate fertilizer two years later. After the 1960s, the use of phosphate fertilizer increased rapidly. In the 1950s and 1960s, China's potash production and imports were extremely small. It was not until the mid and late 1970s that potassium fertilizer was used in a small amount. In the 1980s and 1990s, potassium deficiency became an increasingly prominent problem. From the total amount of chemical fertilizer used, the amount used in the 1950s was very small, below 1 million tons; by the end of the 1970s, it had exceeded 10 million tons, and by the end of the 1980s it had exceeded 20 million tons; Rapidly, during the more than ten years from 1984 to 1995, the average annual increase in chemical fertilizer consumption was 1.61 million tons, an annual increase of 7%. In 1999, the total use of chemical fertilizers in China reached 42.24 million tons, of which 2,81 million tons of nitrogen fertilizer, accounting for 52.8%; 6.97 million tons of phosphate fertilizer, accounting for 16.9%; 3.86 million tons of potash, accounting for 8.9%. The compound fertilizer is 8.8 million tons, accounting for 21.3%, and the average acreage is 27.3kg. Among the increase in chemical fertilizer use, the increase rate of potassium fertilizer and compound fertilizer was the largest, increasing by 36.6% and 31.1%, respectively; nitrogen fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer increased by 7.8% and 10.3%, respectively. Due to the sharp increase in the use of chemical fertilizers in recent years, China has become the country with the largest amount of fertilizer used in the world. However, the soil nutrient content of cultivated land in China is low, the multiple cropping index is high, the chemical fertilizer use per unit area is still low, the total fertilizer use is still insufficient, and the regional distribution of use is not balanced, so it is still necessary to increase investment in chemical fertilizers in the future.
The changes in fertilizer application are not only reflected in quantity, but also in the input flow. Before the 1990s, China's chemical fertilizers were mainly used in food crops. In recent years, with the adjustment of the planting structure, the flow of chemical fertilizers has also changed. Compared with 1985, the fertilizer crops increased by 49.2%, the sugar crops increased by 53.2%, the fruit trees increased by 127.6%, and vegetables increased by 53.6%. The ratio of fertilizer to food and other crops is about 7:3. With the development of the economy and the structural adjustment of agriculture, the amount of fertilizer used for cash crops will continue to increase.
2 Contribution of Fertilizer and Scientific Fertilization The contribution of fertilizer to agriculture is enormous. It is precisely because of the continuous investment of fertilizer that the material balance of the agro-ecosystem is maintained and the sustainable production capacity of agriculture is guaranteed.
2.1 Contribution and potential of fertilizers to increase crop yields According to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)'s 410,000 data from 18 years of experimental demonstrations in 41 countries, the increase in fertilizer production accounts for 40%-60% of crop yields. The highest is 67%. The results of the national fertilizer test network test show that the fertilizer application is proper and the yield increase effect is very significant. Among them, 829 rice trials increased average yield by 40.8%; 1260 wheat trials increased average yield by 56.6%; 629 maize trials increased average yield by 46.1%; 62 cotton trials increased average yield by 48.6%; 64 rapeseed trials averaged Increased production by 64.4%. The experimental data of 52 long-term fertilizer positioning test sites set up in 1981 showed that the contribution rate of fertilizer application to grain yield averaged 40.8%, of which 60.2% was wheat in dry cropping area. It is 46.2%. A large number of experimental results show that the increase in fertilizer production is huge.
The application rate of chemical fertilizers in China has increased from 13,000 tons at the beginning of liberation to more than 40 million tons at present, becoming the country with the most fertilizers in the world. The rational investment of fertilizers has greatly promoted the development of agricultural production in China. Since the founding of New China, China's grain yield has risen steadily. In 1999, China's grain output was 508.4 billion kg, 4.5 times that of the early liberation; the total cotton output was 4.42 million tons, 10 times that of 1949.
2.2 Effect of Fertilizer on Fertilization and Soil Improvement With the substantial increase in yield, crops have taken more nutrients from the soil. The input of fertilizer not only satisfies the demand of crop growth, but also compensates for the nutrients taken by the crop from the soil, prevents the depletion of soil fertility, and scientific and rational fertilization can also fertilize and improve the soil. Inorganic fertilizers are characterized by a single nutrient, high content, fast release, and easy to be absorbed by crops. The input of inorganic fertilizer can supply the nutrients needed by the crop in time to meet the needs of each growth period of the crop; the organic fertilizer has complete nutrients, low content, slow release and contains a large amount of organic matter. Its input not only supplements some nutrients, but also helps to improve soil structure, increase soil buffer capacity, and increase soil enzyme activity, thereby improving soil fertility.
2.3 The role of fertilizers in the sustainable development of agriculture Modern agriculture is moving towards a path of sustainable development, which requires agriculture to meet the characteristics of “high yield, high efficiency, high quality, low consumptionâ€. Fertilizer is the most important material input for agricultural production and plays the most important role in the material cycle of farmland ecosystems. To achieve sustainable agricultural development, it is necessary to balance the input and output of farmland nutrients. Therefore, vigorously promote scientific fertilization technology, scientific and rational use of fertilizers, and management of farmland nutrients will play a positive role in the sustainable development of agriculture. If the fertilizer is used unreasonably, it will lead to negative effects such as reduced fertilizer efficiency, waste of resources, low quality of agricultural products and environmental pollution, which will affect the development of sustainable agriculture in China.
3 fertilizer application prospects
3.1 Continue to increase fertilizer input China is a country with a large population. The increase in population and the reduction of cultivated land have brought tremendous pressure on agricultural production. The farming system in developed countries is mostly based on one year of maturity, and the popular rotation system is widely practiced. In most parts of China, it is two or three cooked a year, and the national average multiple cropping index is as high as 150%. The intensity of cultivated land use is large, and the amount of fertilization per unit area is low. Compared with developed countries, the potential fertility of cultivated land is low, the animal husbandry industry is underdeveloped, and the recycling and reuse rate of organic matter is not high. Therefore, to significantly increase the yield of crops, it will mainly depend on the growth of chemical fertilizer application for a long period of time.
3.2 Adjusting the proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilization Modern agriculture should conform to the characteristics of “high yield, high efficiency, high quality, low consumptionâ€, but China's agriculture has the phenomenon of high yield, high efficiency, high yield, high yield and high consumption. It is because the level of scientific fertilization in China is not high, the proportion of fertilization is unreasonable, and the phenomenon of blind fertilization is serious. The utilization rate of fertilizer is low. The utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer in China is only about 30%, which is nearly 20% lower than that in developed countries. At present, the proportion of NPK fertilizer applied in China's chemical fertilizers is only 1:0.41:0.16, which is still far from the world average (1:0.59:0.48). In particular, the lack of potassium has become a prominent problem in recent years. To reach a new level in China's agriculture, we must improve the level of scientific fertilization and adjust the proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer.
3.3 Pay attention to the application of medium and trace elements in organic fertilizers The fertility of cultivated land in China is not high, and the intensity of cultivated land use is high. In recent years, the input of organic fertilizer has been gradually reduced, and the phenomenon of “heavy inorganic, light organic, re-use of land and lightly cultivated land†has become more and more serious. At the same time, the application of medium and trace element fertilizers is not taken seriously. The number of medium and trace elements taken by crops is increasing year by year, and the compensation is insufficient. The problem of lack of medium and trace elements in cultivated soils in China is quite common. According to the results of the second national soil survey, China's zinc deficiency area is 729 million mu, boron deficiency area is 492 million mu, molybdenum deficiency area is 668 million mu, and manganese deficiency is 304 million mu. Increasing the input of organic fertilizers, improving the quality of organic fertilizers, and paying attention to the application of medium and trace elements have great potential for improving soil fertility and correcting the lack of trace and medium elements.
3.4 Scientific Fertilization Technology Research and promotion of China's chemical fertilizer use has made great achievements, but it must also be seen that since the 1990s, China's grain and cotton production has not been commensurate with the increase in chemical fertilizer application. Compared with 1984, fertilizer application increased by 90.7% in 1994, while grain increased by only 9.1%, and cotton production has been stagnant. There are many reasons for this, and unreasonable fertilization is undoubtedly an important aspect. Judging from the problems existing in the current use of chemical fertilizers, the fertilizer efficiency is not high, which is largely caused by poor macroeconomic regulation, excessive fertilization or unbalanced fertilization. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the research and promotion of scientific fertilization technology, and do basic work such as soil and fertilizer infrastructure construction, cultivated land nutrient survey, soil fertility monitoring, and balanced fertilization technology test demonstration. Improving the overall scientific and technological content of fertilization in China is an important measure to improve the efficiency of agricultural production, improve the quality of agricultural products, increase agricultural production, and increase farmers' income.
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