Early defoliation is mainly caused by apple spotted leaf spot and brown spot disease. The environmental conditions causing the disease to occur are mainly rainfall, and the harsh climate of high temperature and high humidity is the main condition for disease prevalence. The characteristic of apple spotted deciduous disease is that it can be infected after infection, and it will quickly cause leaves, which mainly endanger young leaves. The deciduous bacterium is overwintered by the mycelium in the diseased leaves, diseased branches, etc. or in the bud scales. The brown spot disease pathogens overwinter on the diseased leaves, damaged branches and fruits by mycelium and conidia discs, mainly damaging the old leaves.
Early defoliation caused a large number of early detachment of leaves, which hindered the development of fruits that were inflated and colored, and the fruit commodity rate decreased greatly. Secondly, the ongoing flower bud differentiation was seriously affected by insufficient nutrient supply. The flowering was not neat in the coming year, and the fruit setting rate was reduced. There are more flowers in Sancha; the defoliation causes insufficient nutrient storage, which reduces the cold resistance, drought resistance, disease resistance and stress resistance of the tree, especially leading to the prevalence of rot disease, which causes the normal growth and development of apple trees. Immeasurable loss.
The prevention and treatment of early defoliation is important in prevention. Early prevention is more effective. After the onset of the disease, the effect is not good, so it is necessary to pay close attention to it, early prevention, early treatment, group prevention and treatment, and control the bacteria before the initial infection, the effect is better.
(1) Strengthen the management of fertilizer and water, fertile soil, and implement the concept of 3.6.9 fertilization. Enhancing the tree potential and improving the nutrient storage level of the tree are fundamental. First of all, it is essential to have sufficient nutrients to make it grow strong, to activate endogenous vitality, to improve resistance to high temperatures, and to resist the invasion of germs. First, early application, heavy application of base fertilizer, always follow the "early, full, full, deep, uniform" and the implementation of the four fertilizer and conditioning technology requirements, the base fertilizer as soon as possible. After the ripe apples are harvested in the time, the late-ripening apples are applied before harvesting, and the autumn-based base fertilizer is strongly advocated and promoted to be applied 20 to 25 days before the bag is removed, the sooner the better. The temperature is high in this period, the rainfall is numerous, the air humidity is large, the water is sufficient, the fertilizer is decomposed and decomposed quickly, and the effect is quick after application. When harvesting apples, 65#, 70# apples only account for 2%~3%, 75# accounts for 20%~30 %, 80# accounts for 70%~80%, the whole red fruit rate is 90%~95%, and the fruit surface is smooth, delicate and bright. Compared with the harvest, the yield of base fertilizer is increased by 20%~30%. Mu saves labor. 2~4, worth about 150~300 yuan. The base fertilizer is mainly based on high-quality farmyard manure such as decomposed chicken manure, pig manure and sheep manure, and the application of high-quality farmyard manure 4000~5000 kg + R&F help silicon calcium potash fertilizer 150~250 kg + blue soil conditioner 100~150 kg or Diwangwang fertilizer 100~150 kg + Bangda big three yuan compound fertilizer (15-15-15) 150~200 kg + NEB 240 g. If the organic fertilizer is lacking or not, for example, 13~15 years old generation Changfu 2, Changfu 6 red Fuji tree, Mu Shiweiwei humic acid refined organic fertilizer 350~500 kg + R&F state silicon calcium potash fertilizer 150~250 kg+ Blue soil conditioning agent or ground force fertilizer 100 ~ 150 kg + Bangda (15-15-15 = 45%) large three-way compound fertilizer 150 ~ 200 kg + NEB 240 grams. March application of urea 1 kg + ground force fertilizer 150 ~ 200 kg + Bangda (15-15-15 = 45%) large ternary compound fertilizer 150 ~ 200 kg, June apple expansion fertilizer application of high nitrogen, low phosphorus and high potassium Oulongda (18-5-25=48%) or Tianteng (16-5-22=43%) potassium sulphate large ternary compound fertilizer + R&F state silicon calcium and potassium fertilizer 150~200 kg + 昊 humic acid refining Organic fertilizer 70~80 kg, fertilize 45~50 yuan per plant per year. So fertilization can solve the complement of short-acting fertilizer and long-acting fertilizer, and can also adjust the balance between various nutrients, and achieve twice the result with half the effort. The second is to strengthen the foliar fertilizer. Each time combined with spraying or 7~10 days, single-spray high-quality foliar fertilizer, such as Tianda 2116, biochemical organic sea source potassium, Tiancibao, rare earth green king 400~500 times, fine potassium dihydrogen phosphate, CA2000 fruit ammonia, etc. In particular, Tianda 2116, it can regulate growth, repair damaged cells, make the leaves robust, large, black, thick, shiny, and formed medium and short branches, no large and small results. The third is to adhere to 20 to 30 days of regular drying, available CA2000 fruit ammonia treasure, pathfinder pioneer amino acid, Tianda 2116, Tiancibao. Fourth, in the bagging before or after bagging, from July to August, increase the fertilization, use the Libunong amino acid aqueous solution to fertilize 300 kg of water per barrel + fine potassium dihydrogen phosphate 200 g 10 bags + 5 kg amino acids The three are mixed and applied, and the fertilizer is applied at a multi-point point with good effect. According to the above management, it can enhance the tree potential, improve the cold resistance, drought resistance, stress resistance and disease resistance of the tree, reduce the occurrence of diseases, and lay a good foundation for high yield and high quality.
(2) Implement the sun crown. Make sure that the inter-row work between the trees is 1.2 to 1.5 meters. The tree height accounts for 70% of the line, and the amount of stub stay is 70,000 to 90,000. And to achieve three rare and three dense, that is, the branches are thin, the branches are dense, the outer thin and dense, the dense and dense, the 20% of the light spot under the canopy, the morning and afternoon irradiation of about 4 to 5 hours, in order to facilitate ventilation and light formation Flower buds.
(3) Scientific prevention and treatment. According to the author's practice for many years, the spotted leaf disease is severe in the Spring shoot period (from late April to late May) and autumn (from late June to mid-July); brown spot disease can occur in June-August. From July to August, the incidence of early defoliation is closely related to the harsh climate of high temperature and high humidity. It is mainly tree nutrition. As long as the tree is strong, the photosynthesis ability of the leaves is strong, and nutrients are produced. More, the tree is strong and the various diseases are relatively reduced. As long as the scientific formula is controlled, the leaf retention rate is generally over 90% from the end of September to the middle of October. After bagging, the focus is on prevention and treatment of early defoliation and brown spot disease. It is necessary to take preventive + treatment + eradication to prevent and cure the disease. Each time the spray is arranged before the rain, the bacteria will be restrained to prevent the spread of the bacteria, and the effect will be achieved with half the effort. Generally, the spraying interval is 12 to 15 days, and the principle of spraying more rain and no rain is applied. The preferred agent is Green Cloud, Zhongda 43%~45% suspension of tebuconazole, Beibo microemulsion, 25% propiconazole emulsifiable concentrate, 70% thiophanate-methyl WP, 10% hexaconazole suspension, 40% flucarbazone suspension, 60% super (manganese zinc + valine) wettable powder, 20% tebuconazole WP, in addition, 6% mancozeb wettable powder, 68.75 % easy to retain water dispersible granules, 70% propsin zinc wettable powder, 70% chlorothalonil wettable powder, chlorhexidine wettable powder, 50% ethylene aluminum manganese zinc wettable powder, 75% montsen water dispersible granules And so on have good control effect, the above protective agent + therapeutic agent + eradication agent + high-quality foliar fertilizer for spraying, the control effect is better.
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