Soil pH refers to the pH of the soil. The pH range is from 0 to 14, depending on the pH from small to large, respectively acidic, neutral and alkaline. At pH 7, the soil is neutral, less than 7 is acidic, and greater than 7 is alkaline. Soils that are too acidic or over-alkali cannot grow healthily. Therefore, soil pH is very important!
China divides the soil acidity and alkalinity into five grades: strong acid soil (pH less than 5), acid soil (pH 5.0-6.5), neutral soil (pH 6.5-7.5), alkaline soil (pH 7.5-8.5), Strong alkaline soil (pH greater than 8.5).
Southern red soil, yellow soil and so on are mostly acidic reactions, pH between 5.0 and 6.5, and individual soils even have a pH of 4.
The soil in the north is generally neutral or alkaline, with a pH between 7.0 and 8.5.
Neutral soil, highest fertilizer utilization
1. Identification of soil acidity and alkalinity
1. Judging acidic soil and alkaline soil by soil source
The soil in the forest, the humus of the gully, is generally black or brown soil, relatively loose, fertile, and permeability is very good acidic humus soil. Such as: pine needle humus soil, grass charcoal humus soil.
2. Judging acidic soil and alkaline soil through surface plants
When collecting soil samples, you can observe the plants growing on the surface. Generally, the soils of pine, cedar, and rhododendron are mostly acidic soils; while the soils of growing millet, sorghum, and brine are mostly alkaline soils.
3. Judging acidic soil and alkaline soil by soil color
Acidic soils are generally darker in color, mostly dark brown, while alkaline soils are mostly white, yellow and other light colors. In some saline-alkali areas, the soil surface often has a layer of white saline.
4. Judging acidic soil and alkaline soil by hand
The acidic soil is generally soft in the hands. After loosening, the soil is easy to spread and is not easy to agglomerate; the alkaline soil is very hard in the hand, and it is easy to agglomerate without loosening after loosening.
5. Judging acidic soil and alkaline soil by the state after watering
After the acidic soil is watered, the infiltration is faster, no white foam is formed, and the water surface is relatively sloppy; after the alkaline soil is watered, the infiltration is slow, the water surface is white foaming, foaming, and sometimes there is a layer of white alkaline substance on the surface. .
6. Determine acid soil and alkaline soil by texture
The acidic soil has loose texture and strong air permeability and permeability; the alkaline soil has a hard texture and is easy to form a block, and the soil is easy to be knotted.
7. Determine acid soil and alkaline soil by pH test paper
Put a little bit of soil into distilled water, dissolve for a while, put the pH test strip into it and let it stand for 2 seconds, then take it out and compare it with the color chart. pH>7, it is alkaline soil, pH<7, it is acidic soil.
Second, the effect of soil acidity and alkalinity on plants
Most plants are difficult to grow at pH > 9.0 or < 2.5. Plants can grow normally over a wide range, but various plants have their own suitable pH.
Acid-loving plants: Rhododendron, Bilberry, Camellia, Chinese fir, pine, rubber tree, stellite;
Calcium plants: alfalfa, grass rhinoceros, southern scorpion, cypress, eucalyptus, eucalyptus, etc.;
Salt-alkali plants: Tamarix, Elaeagnus, Radix, etc.
Common vegetable growth suitable for soil ph range
Crop optimum ph range crop optimum ph range
Radish 7-7.5 watermelon 5.0-7.0
Carrot 5.3-6.0 Melon 6.0-6.8
Tomato 6.0-7.0 loofah 6.0-6.5
Cucumber 5.5-7.6 bitter gourd 5.5-6.5
Cauliflower 6.0-6.7 Pumpkin 6.5-7.5
Cabbage 5.5-6.7 Winter Melon 5.5-7.6
Spinach 5.5-7.0 zucchini 5.5-6.8
Celery 6.0-7.6 cabbage 6.5-7.0
Chili 6.2-7.2 Lettuce 6.0
Eggplant 6.8-7.3 Garlic 5.6-6.0
Kidney Bean 6.2-7.0 Onion 7.0-7.4
Bean 6.2-7.0 kohlrabi 6.0-7.0
Pea 6.0-7.2 Potato 5.5-6.5
Sweet potato 5.0-7.0 Konjac 6.5-7.5
Turnip 5.0-6.8 Ginger 6.5
Grain and oil growth suitable soil ph range
Crop optimum ph range crop optimum ph range
Cotton 6.5-8 wheat 5.5-6.5
Rice 6.0-7.5 barley 6.8-7.5
Rape 5.8-6.7 Tobacco 5.0-5.6
Soy 6.5-7 Broad Bean 6.2-7.0
Peanut 5.6-6.0 Sesame 6.0-7.0
Corn 6.5-7.0 Sanqi 5.5-7.0
Honeysuckle 7.0 Yam 6.5-7.5
Fruit tree growth suitable soil ph range
Crop optimum ph range crop optimum ph range
Grape 6.0-7.5 Apple 7.0-7.5
Strawberry 5.7-6.5 Citrus 5.5-6.5
Lychee 5.5-6.5 Sugar Orange 6.5
Longan 5.4-6.5 pear 5.6-7.2
Chestnut 5.5-6.5 peach 6.0-8.0
Pineapple 4.4-6.0 Walnut 5.5-7.0
Banana 6.5 apricot 6.5-8.0
Tea Tree 4.0-6.5
2. Plant pests and diseases are directly related to soil acidity and alkalinity:
(1) Underground pests often require a certain range of pH environmental conditions such as bamboo sorghum and chafers;
(2) Some diseases only occur within a certain pH range, such as rickets often occur on alkaline and neutral soils.
3. Soil active aluminum:
In strong acid soils, there are many aluminums. Plants living on such soils are often resistant to aluminum or even aluminum (sapphire, tea tree); but for some plants, such as clover, alfalfa, aluminum is toxic, Growth was inhibited in aluminum-rich soils; studies have shown that aluminum poisoning is an important cause of plantation decline.
Third, the effect of soil acidity and alkalinity on nutrients
1. In the normal range, the reason why plants are sensitive to soil acidity and alkalinity is because soil pH affects the concentration of various ions in soil solution, affecting the effectiveness of various elements on plants;
2. The effect of soil acidity and alkalinity on the availability of nutrients:
　　
(1) Nitrogen is more effective at 6-8, because at less than 6, the nitrogen-fixing bacteria activity is reduced, and when it is greater than 8, the nitrification is inhibited;
(2) Phosphorus is more effective at 6.5-7.5, because it is easy to form iron phosphate and aluminum phosphate when it is less than 6.5, and the effectiveness is lowered. When it is higher than 7.5, calcium dihydrogen phosphate is easily formed;
(3) The leaching effect of acidic soil is strong, and potassium, calcium and magnesium are easily lost, resulting in the lack of these elements. When the pH is higher than 8.5, the soil sodium ion increases, and the calcium and magnesium ions are replaced to form a carbonate precipitate, so the effectiveness of calcium and magnesium is best at pH 6-8;
(4) The five trace elements of iron, manganese, copper, zinc and cobalt are highly soluble in acidic soils; molybdate is insoluble in acid and soluble in alkali, and is easily deficient in acidic soil; It is effective at pH 5-7.5.
Fourth, the effect of soil acidity and alkalinity on fertility
1. Reduce the effectiveness of soil nutrients.
The effectiveness of phosphorus in soil is significantly affected by acidity and alkalinity.
When the pH exceeds 7.5 or lower, phosphoric acid and calcium or iron or aluminum form a delayed state, which reduces the effectiveness.
Calcium, magnesium and potassium are easily replaced in acidic soils and are easily leached.
Calcium and magnesium have low solubility and strong effectiveness in strongly alkaline soils.
Trace elements such as boron, manganese and copper are greatly less effective in alkaline soils.
The precipitation of molybdenum in strongly acidic soils with free iron and aluminum can reduce the effectiveness.
2. It is not conducive to the benign development of the soil and destroy the soil structure.
Strongly acidic soils and strongly alkaline soils have more H+ and Na+, lacking Ca2+, and it is difficult to form a good soil structure, which is not conducive to crop growth.
3. Activities that are unfavorable to soil microorganisms.
The optimum pH for soil microorganisms is generally a neutral range between 6.5 and 7.5. Peracid or over-base will seriously inhibit the activity of soil microbes, thus affecting the conversion and supply of nitrogen and other nutrients.
4. It is not conducive to the growth and development of crops.
General crops are most suitable for growth in neutral or near-neutral soils. Beet, sable, and red clover are not suitable for acid soil; tea requires strong acidity and acid soil, and neutral soil is not suitable for growth.
Plants can grow normally over a wide range, but various plants have their own suitable pH. For example, the pH value of apple soil is 5.3~8.2, and the optimum range is 5.4~6.8. When the pH value of the soil exceeds the optimum range, as the pH increases or decreases, the growth of the plant is hindered and the development is slow. Most plants are difficult to grow at pH > 9.0 or < 2.5.
When cultivating crops, first of all, it is necessary to clarify the suitable range of pH of the cultivated crops, whether it is suitable for acid or neutral soil or suitable for alkaline soil. If the soil pH is not suitable, adjustments and adjustments are needed.
For the soil with too much acidity, 20 to 25 kilograms of lime per acre can be applied and the organic fertilizer should be applied. It is forbidden to apply only lime without applying organic fertilizer, so that the soil will turn yellow and thin. Apply 1 to 3 months before sowing to avoid affecting crop germination and growth. It can also apply 40 to 50 kilograms of wood ash to neutralize the acidity of the soil and better regulate the water and fertilizer status of the soil.
For alkaline soils, 30 to 40 kg of gypsum per acre is usually applied as a base fertilizer for improvement.
When the soil alkalinity is too high, a small amount of aluminum sulfate can be added (application of phosphate fertilizer is needed), ferrous sulfate (effective effect, but the action time is not long, it needs to be applied frequently), sulfur powder (slow effect, but the effect is the longest), rot The acid application rate, etc., the specific application amount is determined according to the soil pH.
常规 soil improvement routine
(1) Add organic fertilizer. This is the most fundamental measure to adjust the pH of the soil and can improve the cushioning properties of the soil. Soil buffering is closely related to the content of humus in the soil, while humus is mainly derived from organic matter. Therefore, it is necessary to emphasize the application of organic fertilizer in agricultural production.
(2) Rational application of chemical fertilizers. Generally speaking, acidic soils are selected from alkaline fertilizers such as ammonium bicarbonate, and phosphate fertilizers are selected from calcium and magnesium phosphates. For alkaline soil, choose soluble acid fertilizers such as ammonium chloride and superphosphate. Urea is a neutral organic nitrogen fertilizer, acid and alkali soil can be applied, but after 3 to 5 days after the application, irrigation is carried out to prevent loss and improve fertilizer efficiency.
(3) Appropriate application of alkaline fertilizers with strong acidity (below pH 5.5), soil viscosity, and high organic matter content. Appropriate application of alkaline fertilizers is about 50~100 kg per acre, every 2~ It should be applied once every 3 years; the soil with strong alkalinity can be applied with 15~25 kg of gypsum (calcium sulfate) to adjust its alkalinity. Pay attention to proper use to avoid soil salinization.
Source: Public welfare plant protection
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