How many walking animals have already been cloned?
According to reports on October 22, according to foreign media reports, if you think animal cloned stars like Snuppy, CC, and Andi are just unfortunately cloned animal names, then I can say you only It is half right. In fact, they belong to the first cloned animal of the species Pig, Dog, Cat and Monkey.
Dolly Goat, which you may already be familiar with, is the first mammal to successfully clone an adult animal cell. It already has a celebrity status. However, Dolly was just one of the few cloned animals that received widespread attention. According to the Human Genome Project, in 1952, little tampering wrote about the history of biotechnology and became the world's first cloned animal. American scientists Robert Briggs and Thomas Gold used a cricket cell to create exactly the same replica as the original. Since then, at least 12 different species have been cloned, from ordinary cows to endangered bison, and the different types of these species have also been cloned.
Since the first clone was cloned more than 50 years ago, animal cloning has come a long way. In early 2008, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announced in a statement that meat products from cloned cattle, pigs and goats are safe to eat. This statement reinforces scientists' research on this increasingly concerned topic. Cloning can provide a good variety of livestock for the farm, so people can also eat first-class burgers and bacon. Other potential applications include species conservation, biomedical research, pharmaceutical and organ production, etc.
How many walking animals have already been cloned? This is not known. Perhaps the meat in the hamburger you just enjoyed may have come from a Petri dish. Also, to find out how many animals have been cloned, it's almost as difficult as cloning them out. Because of the lack of official official statistics, there is no requirement in the cloning lab for every cloned cricket or rat to report to the outside world. In addition, people usually only have to be cloned to become delicious cooked food in the grocery store. The animals are of interest and not very interested in other cloned animals.
Having mastered the knowledge of some animal clones and their most popular uses, let us introduce the five most famous cloned animals in the world. (This article Source: Netease Exploration)
5, clone pets (cats and dogs)
In 2001, the Texas laboratory of the United States succeeded in producing the world's first cloned cat. Its name was CC. The cloned kitten CC is no different from the usual cat, but it is the world’s first cloned cat. A University in Texas, USA, used the British method of making cloned Dolly, removing chromosomes from the cumulus of adult female cats and implanting enucleated egg cells to form replicating embryos. The researchers have cloned 82 embryos and, after nearly 200 attempts, finally allowed one of the surrogate pregnant cats to become pregnant. The researchers pointed out that the cloned animals are more like "twins" than the absolutely identical replicas, belonging to a kind of remanufacturing rather than resurrection.
In 2005, the scientists of the National Veterinary College of Seoul National University in Korea took the lead in the world's first successful cloning of dogs. This male Afghan Hound baby named Snoopy was born on April 24, 2005. Snoopy is the world’s first cloned dog that South Korean scientists have successfully cultivated using stem cell transplantation. This technology breakthrough helps treat many diseases in humans.
The specific process is to remove the cell nucleus from the somatic cell and transplant it into an egg cell that has already taken out the cell nucleus. For Snoopy's cloning, scientists first took out a skin tissue cell from the ears of an adult male Afghan Hound and transplanted the cell's nuclei into the egg cells of a yellow Labrador retriever. However, researchers admit that the efficiency of dog cloning is still very low. Only three of the 1,095 embryos produced in this study were successfully conceived, one of which was miscarried. The other puppy was born 22 days later and died of pneumonia. Only Snape survived. Professor Huang Yuxi of Seoul National University believes that cloning a dog can provide a good way to understand the common diseases of some people and dogs. He explained that using the homology of cloned dogs can more effectively study diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, breast cancer, and genetic diseases such as congenital heart disease. They hope that one day this technology can be used to treat diseases such as diabetes, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.
Since the first cat and dog pets were cloned, at least 40 dogs and countless cats have been cloned. An American company called BioArts has been awarded the only global license for the cloning of cats, dogs and rare species. BioArts is a biotechnology company with a focus on the unique markets that have never been developed within the global pet, high quality livestock and human genome technology industries. The "Best Friends Again" project is a collaborative project between BioArts and the South Korean Sooam Biotech Research Foundation. South Korea has the world's highest level and most experienced dog cloning team. Customers can clone their pets just by paying. Despite the huge demand for commercial cloned pets, BioArts announced on its website that its “best friend†program is a limited service and may not be able to continue at any time. On the other hand, Seoul's RNL Biobiology Company, after successfully cloning five puppies in August 2008, announced that they will open the door to the commercial clone dog business. Until now, the company has successfully cloned more than 20 dogs. The company plans to have 300 clones each year. So, if you have $ 150,000, you can go to South Korea to find this company for pet cloning.
4, clone sheep
On July 5th, 1996, Dr. Wilmut, the embryologist at the Lussin Institute in Scotland, and his led genetic team made a major breakthrough in the technology of sheep asexual reproduction and successfully obtained the world’s first mammalian animal—multiple Dolly. A vegetatively breeding sheep was thus born at his test site.
According to Dr. Wilmut, his research team extracted a breast cell from the udder of a female ewe and used the genetic material in the cell to electronically extract the egg from another ew "Welding," forming an embryo, and moving the embryo into the ewes of another ewes, gave birth to the lamb. The lamb is a complete replica of its "gene ewes", all of whose "biological properties" are consistent with sheep that provide "genetic material." Scientists named the sheep produced using this asexual propagation technology as "clone sheep." However, due to the crude genetic technology at that time, Dolly was inherently deficient, infirm and sick, and lived until 2003 due to multiple organ failure.
However, scientists believe that cloning sheep (including goats and sheep) has many benefits for humans. For example, cloned sheep can rely on genetic engineering to produce useful drugs for treating human diseases. Just in 1997, the year after Dolly was born, Wilmut and Campbell, who were working together at the Roslin Institute in Scotland, replicated a pair of sheep Polly with human genes. Bao Li’s adult lotion contains a blood-clotting protein that can be used to manufacture medicine for treating hemophilia at a low price. In theory, such as Baoli can be mass-produced so as to benefit the majority of hemophiliacs.
In addition, for sheep, scientists can select those sheep with good hair quality and yield to be cloned and genetically modified to produce the best and most satisfying wool products. Similarly, some cloned goats can produce higher quality milk and meat products. In January 2008, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration announced that meat products derived from cloned goats could be safely consumed. Scientists believe that there will be more clone goats in the future to meet the growing demand for meat consumption.
3, cloning pigs
The study of cloned pigs is of great significance. On the one hand, it can provide ideal materials for human disease models and xenotransplantation research. On the other hand, it can serve as an important means for preserving and improving rare species and providing more high-quality meat products for humans.
The British PPL Medical Corporation that had participated in the cloning of the Dolly Dolly had announced on September 2, 2006 that the company’s researchers had developed five new transgenic cloned pigs with a gene “closed†in their bodies. This is another important advance in the field of xenotransplantation research. According to a press release issued by the PPL company, the five piglets were developed by researchers of the company's subsidiary in Virginia, USA. They were all female and were born on December 25, 2001. DNA tests showed that one of the two "alpha" 1 (3 galactosyltransferase) (GT) genes in their bodies was in a "closed" state. The researchers said that the GT gene controls the production of an enzyme that produces a carbohydrate on the surface of pig cells. When a porcine organ or cell is transplanted into the human body, the human immune system can recognize this sugar, thereby generating a strong rejection reaction and treating the transplanted organ or cell as foreign foreign matter. This is the main reason why pig organs cannot be applied to human transplants. By finding ways to suppress this gene, it is possible to use genetically modified cloned pigs to "produce" organs that are suitable for transplant surgery.
PPL has cooperated with the Rothlin Institute in the United Kingdom to develop cloned sheep Dolly using nuclear transfer technology. Since then, the company is committed to using the same technology to breed transgenic cloned pigs that are suitable for transplant surgery. In March 2000, PPL announced that it had produced the world's first batch of cloned pigs. In April 2001, it announced that it had cloned the first batch of transgenic pigs containing exogenous genes in vivo. This successful breeding of cloned pigs with a "closed" GT gene indicates that the goal of practical application of xenotransplantation has become closer and closer.
Due to the lack of organs for transplantation, many patients who urgently need kidney replacement, liver or heart are not being treated promptly. Research on xenotransplantation transplanting animal organs to humans has therefore received attention. Pigs are prone to reproduce, and their organs are closer in size and function to human organs, and are thus considered to be ideal sources of alternative organs. PPL scientists anticipate that the first medical application of transgenic cloned pigs will be to manufacture insulin-producing islet cells for the treatment of diabetes, and the relevant clinical trials may begin as early as the next few years.
The European Food Safety Authority had conducted a safety survey of cloned animals and their offspring meat products and concluded that, in terms of food safety, there is unlikely to be a difference between the food provided by cloned animals and the food from conventionally raised animals. In addition, animal cloning does not harm the environment. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has also given green light to cloned pork. They believe that cloning cows, pigs, and goats is almost indistinguishable from conventionally grown livestock in terms of the quality of the meat and milk they produce. There is no need to use special labels. Make a difference. Therefore, in the future, cloned pigs will become more and more popular.
2, clone cattle
In 1998, Japanese scientists successfully cloned cattle using uterus and oviduct cells. In July, 1998, Japanese scientists announced that the two calves that they cloned using adult animal somatic cells were born on the 5th. The Ishikawa Prefecture Animal Husbandry Center and the Animal Husbandry Research Laboratory of Kinki University announced that the two burdock were successfully cloned using the same cell nuclear transfer technology as cloned Dolly Goat. Researchers at both institutions removed somatic cells from the inside of the fallopian tubes and the uterus of adult female cattle. After five days of serum culture of the somatic cell nucleus, the transplanted person had previously removed the nuclear ovum and then promoted the use of electrical stimulation. The two were fused and cultured for 8 days in vitro to produce embryos.
Because cows produce too much methane gas and are hated by some environmentalists, the cows cloned by scientists using cloning technology can make it run around and pollute the environment. We can selectively clone and reproduce the animals we most want. It can make them produce more delicious beef and more delicious milk.
If you think that your consumption of cloned cattle products is satisfactory, it is in line with your appetite, so keep in mind that they are only producing the meat products produced by the descendants of cattle. Because the cost of cloning a cow is expensive, the cost is 10,000 to 20,000 US dollars. Therefore, in cloned animals, cloned cattle are generally only used for breeding purposes.
The two largest US clone companies, Via Gen and Trans Ova Genetics, serve cloned cattle for breeding purposes. The two companies have cultivated more than 600 cloned animals for American breeders, including "replica" of high quality cows and bulls. ViaGen can clone 150 teats per year, and Trans Ova Genetics has cloned 250 in 2007. According to a survey by the European Food Safety Agency, there are approximately 4,000 cloned cattle worldwide.
1, clone mouse
The first somatic cell clone was Karenina, born on October 3, 1997. Different from the cloned sheep Dolly, scientists from Japan, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Italy adopted new technologies to increase the success rate of cloning, and they have now cultivated many cloned mice and obtained cloned clones. Second and third generation cloned mice. The birth of the somatic cell clone mouse also announced that the previous question about Dolly's identity and cloning technology could be over.
Rats are a popular experimental animal. With the arrival of reproductive cloning, the demand for this kind of animal is increasing in the laboratory. In the field of biomedical research, mice are usually the animals most needed by researchers. The emergence of cloned mice has made it possible for researchers to supply a large number of mice with exactly the same genes. Since Katrina, scientists have been more successful in cloning mice. The researchers discovered a cloning technique in 2007 that could make cloned mice five times more successful than traditional techniques.
Mice, rats and birds account for 95% of the current laboratory-specific animals. Although there is no official data, experimental institutions will not count such data, but scientists will use cloning techniques to assist in scientific research, so in the future there will be thousands of small cloned mice. Of course, this is not good news for those who oppose the use of animals for scientific research, but at least it allows rats to breed animals and become the top spot among the top five cloned animals. (Little Seoul)