First, rescue waters
When firefighters perform water rescue disasters, they must first familiarize themselves with the conditions of various waters. Based on the characteristics of the water area, current conditions, the situation of the rescued persons, the rescue energy on site, and the use of necessary equipment and equipment, they are safe and fast. Under the consideration of efficiency, rescue work should be carried out as soon as possible. Since the risk of water rescue operations is not less than other hazards, a more complete disaster relief safety management mechanism must be constructed when undertaking rescue services in such a sinister environment. The management mechanism is composed of the team members themselves, the leaders and the commanders at all levels. (Including safety officials) They are jointly responsible for the construction of a three-tiered management mechanism. In addition, colleagues must have basic water rescue capabilities. They must also have appropriate rescue equipment and equipment. They must also use skilled techniques and good team understanding. The safety officer must During and after the assessment of the disaster relief environment, the commander is advised and the commander must analyze, judge, and decide on the rescue operation to achieve the rescue mission with limited information. In the rescue operation, the rescuer The safety guidelines are always the same and ranked first.
Water rescue personnel should generally train solidly, cultivate good physical fitness and various types of rescue skills, and usually implement equipment preparation. No rescue operation should be performed alone. It is necessary to evaluate the on-site environment first and then prepare a rescue strategy to effectively complete the rescue task quickly.
In the special circumstances ( except normal environment ) that cannot be covered by this guiding principle , the on-site personnel should make use of their professional judgement to integrate the overall situation of people, events, times, places, and objects for the most timely and appropriate disposal.
Second, the accident characteristics
Taiwan’s narrow terrain and high mountains all over the world lead to many and short streams. Taiwan is surrounded by the sea, surrounded by rocky shore terrain in the east and sandy shorelines in the west, causing changes in the natural water environment, hiding many crises, sea areas and rivers. The characteristics of the accident include reefs, winds (waves), tides, large gaps in riverbed, large differences in water temperature, numerous vortex undercurrents, fluctuating river channels, sludge sinking, and wave elimination blocks. These are described as follows:
(A) Reef
Searching and rescue in the reef area, accompanied by a big wave, not only difficult to judge the underwater tide, making the boat possible to break the reef, upside down the possible line, from time to time splashing of the water spray may also be taken after the person into the water, the staff on the reef Rocks falling into the water are vulnerable to coma and various injuries. The sharp corners may cut the skin and cause a lot of blood loss, or may be entangled by changing terrain, rocks, plants or debris, which increases the risk of rescue. Therefore, special attention should be paid to rescue or boat driving on the shore.
(b) Wind (wave)
Wind speed, wind area, and wind time are three factors that cause waves. The stronger the wind, the greater the waves that will be formed. When seahorses are poor, many large waves will increase the danger of rescue workers performing ship search and rescue and diving search operations.
(c) Tides
Relief workers should pay attention to flow velocity, direction, and tides. If you encounter low tide after launching into the water, you will find that the shore becomes very high and cannot reach the shore. Conversely, if wading in the shallows area is searched for and rescued, it will result in deep water and no return to the shore after unconsciously rising tides.
(d) Big drop in river bed
Often seemingly calm waters, hidden underneath the crisis, and the river bed irregularly showing a gradual drop, some parts of the water often hidden deep ditch, or a large gap, a height of up to 3 to 4 meters, resulting in disaster relief personnel have no time to respond, riverbed Drops add more variables to the dangers of streams.
(e) Big drop in water temperature
The temperature difference between the streams in Taiwan is very large. Because the streams flow at different speeds and there are many undercurrents, shallow and deep water layers are often prone to high and low temperature differences. For those who are not familiar with the waters, they often cause cramps on the soles of the feet after they get into the water.
(6) More Vortex Undercurrent
The formation of vortices is mainly due to the sudden change in the speed and direction of the water flow, which is mainly due to the fact that the water flow maintains a straight flow, while the river bank forces the water to turn. At this time, the inner water flow will be returned due to the pressure from the outside. In places where dehydration is filled, vortexes form. These turbulent streams easily flip the people into the water. They lose their sense of direction and panic and increase the risk of hitting the river bank. As a result, river turns, piers, and rocks are often accompanied by urgency. Whirlpool, relief workers should try to avoid doing rescue operations in this area.
(vii) Variable river course
Such severe conditions as typhoon, heavy rain, thunderstorms and so on, when the typhoon is approaching or entering the island, its strong winds and heavy rains will cause river courses to change. Sudden changes will occur to the disaster relief personnel, often due to a reaction failure.
(8) Silt settlement
Taiwan’s typhoon-storms and rainstorms often entrain large amounts of silt and earth and stone. There are many siltation deposits on the riverside. People are not able to move out of difficulties when they are caught in a no-response spot. If they encounter such terrain and environment during disaster relief, they should avoid choosing sites for launching or installing fixed points. .
(9) Clipping blocks
Search and rescue in the waveblock area, followed by a big wave, the line of sight is unknown, will cause disaster relief personnel and search and rescue boat will cut or injured due to this, and even the personnel fall and block the wave and get trapped in the trap, if the card in the cracks between the block It coincides with high tides and is prone to accidents.
Third, the accident history case
(a) Case 1
1, time of occurrence: October 21, 2009
2. Place of Occurrence: â—‹ â—‹ County â—‹ â—‹ Within the town
3 , the case summary:
Tourists unfortunately were swept away by the waves. Team members Zhang â—‹â—‹ and Lin â—‹ â—‹ were reported to go to the rescue. After arriving at the scene, the two crew members went out of their way to save their lives. However, due to the fact that the surf was too great, two firefighters were lost to the huge waves. After being taken away, Lin â—‹ â—‹ was rescued. Zhang â—‹ â—‹ was missing. He was found dead and died of heroic death. According to local sources, "â—‹â—‹ waves are like fists, and they wrap people and bring them out. " The local government has been listed as a dangerous water area by the county government. There are deep trenches not far from the shore. In the event of an accident, most foreign talents will come here to play in the water.
4. Casualties: 1 firefighters died
5 , case review:
In the rescue of the sea area, the boat should be used to assist, ensure and wear full rescue equipment to consider the local walrus for rescue.
(II) Case 2
1, time of occurrence: July 30, 2001
2. Place of Occurrence: â—‹â—‹ Sha Chau
3 , the case summary:
Typhoon Taozhi struck, â—‹â—‹ fire units attended the rescue of six people trapped in the sandbar, firefighters Li â—‹ â—‹ risked climbing the tree to rescue, trying to throw ropes to the trapped people, unexpectedly broken branches, Li â—‹ â—‹ In the stream, he was rescued ashore by his colleagues and immediately sent to the National Military Hospital for emergency treatment. He still returned to the sky and died. Li â—‹ 0 died in a heroic job and the trapped 6 people were rescued after more than one hour.
4. Casualties: 1 firefighters died
5 , case review:
Use appliance rescue should consider whether the place of use is safe, and make appropriate safety guarantees. When performing water rescue missions, complete personal protective equipment should be worn .
(III) Case 3
1, time of occurrence: October 26, 1988
2. Place of Occurrence: â—‹â—‹ Stream
3 , the case summary:
After the players and the players Wang Li â—‹â—‹ â—‹â—‹, â—‹â—‹ Ke 3 people, go out â—‹â—‹ Creek rescue trapped in the river and Zhan Qiu â—‹â—‹ â—‹â—‹ mother, Lee â—‹â—‹ exposure to two troubled mother, will The rescue clothes were taken off by Zhan â—‹ â—‹. They fought bravely for half an hour in the rapids and finally assisted the two mothers and mothers to get out of trouble. But because the Feitsui Reservoir was flooding a lot, Li â—‹â—‹ lost his strength and saved his strength and was flooded away. , dereliction of duty.
4. Casualties: 1 firefighters died
5 , case review:
Before disaster relief personnel go into the water, they should first understand whether there is any flooding at the source of the reservoir. Â Elephants, rescue ropes (recommended to use emergency rescue clothes, there is a decoupling function), if necessary, with the ropes installed and onshore personnel to take the necessary protective measures.
(d) Case four
1, time of occurrence: October 11, 2014
2. Place of Occurrence: â—‹â—‹ Offshore Fishing Port
3 , the case summary:
Fire Department in order to strengthen inter-coastal rescue boat rescue capabilities, for 3 days of training rescue boats operating in waters off the coast of â—‹â—‹ fishing port, the selection of water rescue Rescue Association chief instructor Wu â—‹â—‹ other six as instructors and instructor Rapids Fire Department served four Teaching assistant. October 11 assessment by the chief instructor Wu â—‹â—‹ training site conditions, site conditions can be considered to operate the water training, namely, eight rescue boats and 40 instructors and trainees to operate at sea training, suspected of large storms, which led to big wave to fight over Four rescue boats overturned and 38 were safely ashore. Among them, firefighter Huang â—‹ â—‹ was rescued by rescue workers at the northern bank and the external instructor Lai â—‹ â—‹ was found on the south bank of Nandi Beach.
4, casualties situation: 1 dead firefighters, External instructor 1 dead
5 , case review:
When dealing with professional disaster relief training, it is necessary to take into account changes in on-site weather conditions, selection of safety training locations, equipment and spare equipment, and personal protective equipment. (Rescue clothing - 24 lb. or more buoyancy , winter clothes, safety helmets, non-slip shoes, non-slip Gloves, etc.), emergency response handling, professional training instructor experience, and contingency as...etc., with thorough planning and consideration, and in the event of an unexpected situation can properly respond to and ensure the safety of the training process.
(v) Case 5
1, time of occurrence: November 18, 2013
2. Place of Occurrence: â—‹â—‹ Shore of Fishing Port
3 , the case summary:
â—‹â—‹ fire units continued to perform drop-off fishing to save the drowning search service where a rescue boat to return â—‹â—‹ fishing port about 50 meters away from the shore at the accident occurred capsized, killing two police and fire departments and one on behalf of the people do not eliminate a total of 3 Cautiously fell to the sea, and two of the police were eliminated without any problem.
4, casualties situation: the righteous fire fighters 1 dead
5 , case review:
(1) Water rescue personnel must wear a full set of water rescue equipment ( including helmets, gloves, non-slip shoes, winter clothes , and rescue clothing ) . The walrus was really bad on that day. The coast was rocky terrain and many cliffs, and the northeast monsoon was coming. As the winds and waves grew, they suddenly met with a long wave of about 6 meters. The name wears a wetsuit and has a diving professional license, but it still cannot withstand large waves. As a result, it has no signs of life after being rescued.
(2) For rescue boats, be sure to place spare rescue clothing and helmet on the boat, and ask the diving personnel to put on rescue clothing and helmet when they finish the diving task.
Fourth, safety precautions
(a) General rules
1 , rescue ability
Rescuers should have professional (rescue, diving) licenses, and be familiar with various underwater break-up skills, so that they can break loose in case they are pulled into the water. Another assessment is whether their ability and strength are sufficient to cope with the current situation.
2. Personal protective equipment
Prior to the implementation of the waters rescue, various rescue equipment should be inspected, and personal protective equipment, anti-cold clothing, rescue clothing, helmets, gloves, and non-slip ( rubber ) shoes should be worn .
3 , environmental assessment
Before any rescue operation, the environment [water flow, water velocity, depth, bed drop, water temperature, river course, eddy current, recirculation zone, spoiler area, water turbidity, rock cliff, reef, reef rock, wind ( wave ) should be evaluated first . , tides, etc. ) and whether the rescue site is safe and secure.
4. Climate factors
Evaluate weather and water conditions, taking into account the on-site weather changes, such as lightning, excessive storms, etc., and consider factors such as search and rescue boats, equipment and personnel skills, and stop the search and rescue operations when necessary.
5 , reef area or waterway
If a reef area or a surface vessel enters or exits a busy waterway and determines that it is not suitable for the rubber boat to perform search and rescue missions, it shall require the power and responsibility units to carry out vessel control operations or support the appropriate vessels and assign special personnel to sail with the firefighters to perform search and rescue missions. The location of the launching site should be selected to be free from undercurrent or turbulent flow, small waves without a trench or a gentle slope in the water, and obstacles are liable to go up and down.
Assault boat
6. Intercontinental waters (sea)
( 1 ) Wind and waves affect safety
In the inter-border marine rescue, attention should be paid to weather factors such as wind force, wind direction, wave height and tide, and special attention should be paid to changes in the weather in order to ensure the safety of search and rescue personnel.
( 2 ) Boat search and shore search
The non-reef area can perform search and rescue of boats, and the principle of diving search and rescue is based on the shoreline.
7. Inland waters (river, lake)
( 1 ) Water flow affects safety
Should first understand the source of water, whether there is a reservoir discharge, and consider the flow rate.
( 2 ) Ensure the rescue
During the rescue, in accordance with the on-site rescue situation, if necessary, tie up the ropes and attach rescue ropes to meet the needs of the onshore personnel to take necessary protective measures to maintain personnel safety.
8. Initial judgment
When no one is on the spot, they should first ask if there is a person who has sighted and the location and time of falling into the water. After the judgment, search from a safe place to start a search. If it cannot be found, consider diving rescue personnel.
9 , land appliance rescue
The safest method of drowning to save as much as possible to take land (shore) and appliances (bamboo, rope, torpedo buoys, rescue ring, throw rope bag and twisted rope, etc.) rescue. Try to avoid unarmed rescue operations. The danger of unarmed rescue is very high. When the rescuer is drowning, the struggling behavior increases the danger to the rescuer. To successfully rescue the unarmed person, it must have good physical ability and wisdom and excellent The technology may not be readily implemented rashly.
10 , swimming rescue
(1) Assessing the launch point
To conduct environmental assessments, it is relatively easy to look at where the water is coming from, where it is faster and safer, and where to bring the culprit to shore. It is necessary to make a preliminary judgment before launching the rescue.
(2) Avoid Backward Tour
It is advisable to go straight in the parallel or upstream area of ​​the squatter and avoid the need to swim backwards to get close to the rescuer.
(3) 2 people or more into the water
Should be more than 2 people into the water rescue, if necessary, can wear flippers to help swim and rescue people.
(4) Equipment Rescue
Can be used in conjunction with the rescue circle, torpedo buoys and other equipment, the effect is better and more secure.
(5) Struggling
In order to swim up to the front of the leader, the eye must look at the status of the deceased. Do not rely on the deaf person to get too close or approach the deceased person directly and avoid being caught by the struggling ones. They should be approached from the rear and towed ashore.
(6) Ensure staff on shore
Swimming rescue is very dangerous. In addition to savers, the rest of the shore should be ready to respond to support at any time.
(B) Commonly Used Various Water Rescue Equipment
1 , rescue circle
(1) Attach the rescue ring to a floating rope.
(2) The rescue circle should be quickly thrown into the drowning staff. The rescue circle should be thrown at the upper winds of the drowning person. If there is no wind, the rescue circle should be thrown as close as possible to the person falling into the water.
(3) If the place to be thrown is too far from the leader, consider retrieving and re-throwing.
2 , floating water rope
(1) The floating rope itself should be kept smooth during use, and should not be knotted. It should be used quickly for disaster relief.
(2) Floating ropes are special ropes for water rescue. Do not use it for land rescue or other purposes.
3 , throwing a rope gun ( tube )
(1) Before filling the inflator , make sure that the safety switch is closed, check the O -ring in the connector, and confirm that the connector is fixed.
(2) The pressure during inflation shall not exceed its specified pressure. After filling, the air in the high pressure pipe shall be relieved before it can be removed.
(3) The rope should be placed obliquely in front of the launcher ( barrel ) and it is not reliable to get too close to it in order to avoid hooking on the rope during launch.
It must be tightly against the gun (barrel) body, to maintain its stability in order to reduce the impact of the launch recoil when (4) launch.
(5) Do not fire directly at trapped persons during launch.
(6) The mouth of the throwing cannon ( tube ) must not be directed at anyone to avoid accidental accidental shooting.
(7) The throwing gun ( barrel ) must be carefully maintained to prevent accidental use.
4 torpedo buoys
Swimming rescue can be used in conjunction with torpedo buoys, which are better and safer.
5 , throwing rope bag
(1) After taking out the throwing rope bag, grasp the rope loop at one end by hand, and do not wrap the rope around the wrist or fix it on the body, so as to avoid being taken away when rescued.
(2) The savior should lower his center of gravity or place his foot against trees or rocks to increase stability and avoid instant pulling.
6 , rescue clothing
(1) on both sides of the waist adjustment straps, elastic medium try and avoid falling off the water slide.
(2) Adjust the tightness by tying the two straps around the buttocks to the lower abdomen and the lower abdomen buckle. The degree of tightness should be as moderate as possible to prevent the person from falling in the water.
(3) Before use, check whether the rescue clothing is damaged or not.
7 , rapids rescue clothing
(1) Adjust the straps on both sides of the waist. The elasticity should be as moderate as possible to prevent people from falling into the water.
(2) Before use, check whether the rescue clothing is damaged, whether it is broken or not, and whether the ring is usable.
8 , dry-type winter clothes
(1) Dry-type winter clothes are generally produced in sets. In order to maintain their functions, the use of dispensing personnel is a principle.
(2) Before use, check whether there is any damage or not, whether the pipeline connection and peripheral components are missing, and after the dress is completed, test the inflator exhaust device to confirm that the operation is normal.
(3) Before putting on a dry-type winter clothes to go into the water, the parts should be carefully inspected for positioning.
(4) The use of dry-type winter clothes requires professional training and is not recommended without training.
(three) diving rescue
1 , warm-up exercises
Warm-up exercises should be performed before entering the water, and no more than the depth of physical loads can be forcibly infiltrated.
2 , diving environment assessment
(1) Meteorological, environmental, and hydrological information pooling, and information on the sea and water areas of local residents.
(2) The snorkeling or fish exploration machine is used to detect the depth of water at the point of accident. When the water is turbid, it should be detected in advance by various equipment.
(3) If the conditions of the dive rescue site are too bad, search and rescue nets or hooks and other equipment may be used to conduct searches based on the conditions.
(4) Calibration of landing point and selection of appropriate dive sites.
3 , draw up diving plan
Establish a communication contact method, delineate the dive search area, select the search method, assign the diving task, alert the emergency situation and set the dive time.
4 , equipment inspection
(1)